Pandoc has a number of paths towards typesetting, LaTeX probably being the most robust at this point. One other direction I’m working on is a Pandoc writer to support SILE (see pandoc#6087 and the related Draft PR). I mention this because it does handle the ::: syntax for divs using nested classes (kind of like how HTML/CSS would) where you can specify a Lua formula for typesetting divs any way you like.
Also note that if SILE is not for you yet there are Lua filters out there to map Pandoc’s div blocks to LaTeX environments. This is quite a robust solution for typesetting Markdown.